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Outlook: US power grids weigh capacity payments

  • Märkte: Electricity
  • 05.01.15

Operators of restructured power grids in the northeast US and midcontinent are working to find the right balance between capacity markets designed to meet resource adequacy goals and energy markets involving wholesale sale of electricity.

Capacity and energy markets in theory should provide sufficient revenue to cover, respectively, fixed and variable costs of building and operating a power plant. In reality capacity markets have helped protect some incumbents' bottom lines but have not drawn enough generating resources necessary to replace coal and other capacity that is retiring to meet stringent federal environmental standards.

Among the causes of declining generating capacity is a decades-old cap of $1,000/MWh on generators' energy offers enforced by independent system operators in New England, New York, PJM and the midcontinent. Generators in those markets have faced declining revenue from capacity markets while energy market revenue has remained capped. Meanwhile, the generating fuel mix has shifted in favor of natural gas, a fuel prone to daily price volatility, especially in winter.

New England's grid operator is the first in the interconnect to push through a forward capacity market reform. The new pay-for-performance mechanism will penalize resources that fail to be dispatched and reward those that fulfill their obligations. New resources in the region can also lock in capacity prices for seven years, providing a longer planning horizon than most restructured markets allow.

PJM is pushing through its own "capacity performance" plan that broadly resembles New England's effort. Federal energy regulators will rule on that proposal next year. PJM's forward capacity market also operates on a three-year horizon. But PJM's generating fleet is more balanced than New England's, where natural gas accounts for half the generation.

Independent system operators in New York and the midcontinent have much shorter planning horizons for forward capacity markets. New York's power grid is talking up the value of "pay-for-performance" incentives while the midcontinent's primary grid seems focused on a potential increase in the energy offer cap.

Texas' recent experience shows that market fundamentals can offset lack of capacity payments. The Electric Reliability Council of Texas operates an energy-only market but Texas' oil and gas-fueled economy is attracting several new power plants. By contrast, power markets in the east and midcontinent are practically flat as energy efficiency gains and slow population growth holds back electricity demand. Texas' primary grid also has introduced a scarcity pricing mechanism that allows real-time prices to reach $7,000/MWh; that amount will increase this year.

In energy markets, Texas round-the-clock assessments gain 16pc between 2015 and 2018. PJM West is flat, New England sheds 9pc and Indiana is up by 7pc in the same period.

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