LFP battery switch drives supply chain changes

Spanish Market: Metals
06/08/20

A shift back towards using lithium iron phosphate (LFP) chemistry in electric vehicle (EV) and energy storage batteries is prompting changes in production along the supply chain.

LFP was the initial cathode chemistry used in lithium-ion batteries for EVs in China. But consumer reluctance to buy vehicles requiring frequent recharging prompted manufacturers to switch to using higher-density lithium nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM) chemistries that can travel further on a single charge.

The Chinese government has incentivised the production of EVs with longer driving ranges with its subsidies in recent years, accelerating the shift. This in turn prompted mining projects to shift from producing lithium carbonate, which is favoured for LFP cathode materials, to lithium hydroxide, which is used in NCM cathodes to help stabilise the nickel content.

But a push to reduce the amount of cobalt used in batteries and concerns over the safety of high nickel content has resulted in battery manufacturers, car makers, energy storage suppliers and mining companies taking another look at LFP. Concerns over spikes in the cost of cobalt and global reliance on supply from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) have driven battery makers to reduce the cobalt content in cathodes and instead use more nickel, but higher nickel content reduces thermal stability and raises the risk of explosion. LFP, while offering lower energy density, is more stable.

Lithium Australia is advancing the commercialisation of its patented LieNA extraction process to produce lithium phosphate directly from waste spodumene for use in LFP cathodes, reducing production costs and the number of conversion steps. Mining firms have been considering ways to shorten the process, as producing lithium chemicals typically requires the processing of brines to make lithium carbonate and then refining lithium carbonate into lithium hydroxide.

Spodumene producers have the advantage of being able to produce hydroxide without the intermediate step, and US-based Piedmont Lithium on 23 July said it has produced initial quantities of battery-quality hydroxide from spodumene concentrate using its ore-to-hydroxide conversion process.

But the production of lithium phosphate offers a "smaller mining footprint, greater sustainability, superior safety and an absence of conflict metals", Lithium Australia's managing director, Adrian Griffin, said recently. "There are good reasons why the Tesla Model 3 is going for LFP batteries in China […] and LieNA is aimed at servicing the fast-growing LFP battery market," he said.

US EV maker Tesla has opted to use LFP batteries from China's CATL in its cars produced in China. The vehicles' efficiency is sufficient for it to run on an LFP battery pack that will start volume production later this year, chief executive Elon Musk said in late July. This will free up NMC batteries for the company's planned electric semi-truck set for production next year, which Musk said requires the higher-energy density and longer driver range to transport cargoes.

Chinese EV manufacturer BYD and German carmaker Volkswagen are also using LFP batteries in vehicles to be sold in China. Volkswagen in May acquired a stake in Chinese battery supplier Gotion-High Tech, one of the country's largest suppliers of LFP batteries. Gotion has just begun construction of its eighth battery production plant, with a planned capacity of 10GWh, to be completed in late 2021.

China's Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) lists 12 EV models that use LFP batteries, accounting for 24pc of 49 vehicles. In May, it issued new safety standards addressing thermal runway in batteries that has caused EV explosions. The regulations come into effect on 1 January 2021, a further encouragement to manufacturers to use LFP battery chemistry.

The increased adoption of the technology in China, the world's largest EV market, could spread to other regions. "LFP is experiencing renewed market enthusiasm because global leaders BYD, CATL and Tesla have announced high-energy-density LFP battery packs in vehicles that facilitate driving ranges of up to 600km," Dan Blondal, chief executive officer of Canadian battery materials producer Nano One, said recently. "These innovations could radically expand the global demand for LFP cathode materials beyond Asia and into North America, Europe and other markets."

The switch to LFP is also evident in the use of batteries for energy storage, which do not have the energy density demands of EVs. Canada-based Eguana this week launched an LFP-based residential battery storage system for North America that it will offer along with its NCM-based system. The company developed the LFP alternative in response to demand for a cobalt-free product, it said.

Lithium Australia's Soluna energy storage division uses LFP and NCM cathodes in its systems, of which it has made its first sales and installations, it said today. Germany-based Sonnen, which is owned by Shell, uses only LFP in its battery storage system, which it launched in its 12th country, Belgium, last month.

By Nicole Willing

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30/04/24

New US rule may let some shippers swap railroads

Washington, 30 April (Argus) — US rail regulators today issued a final rule designed to help customers switch railroads in cases of poor rail service, but it is already drawing mixed reviews. Reciprocal switching, which allows freight shippers or receivers captive to a single railroad to access to an alternate carrier, has been allowed under US Surface Transportation Board (STB) rules. But shippers had not used existing STB rules to petition for reciprocal switching in 35 years, prompting regulators to revise rules to encourage shippers to pursue switching while helping resolve service problems. "The rule adopted today has broken new ground in the effort to provide competitive options in an extraordinarily consolidated rail industry," said outgoing STB chairman Martin Oberman. The five-person board unanimously approved a rule that would allow the board to order a reciprocal switching agreement if a facility's rail service falls below specified levels. Orders would be for 3-5 years. "Given the repeated episodes of severe service deterioration in recent years, and the continuing impediments to robust and consistent rail service despite the recent improvements accomplished by Class I carriers, the board has chosen to focus on making reciprocal switching available to shippers who have suffered service problems over an extended period of time," Oberman said today. STB commissioner Robert Primus voted to approve the rule, but also said it did not go far enough. The rule adopted today is "unlikely to accomplish what the board set out to do" since it does not cover freight moving under contract, he said. "I am voting for the final rule because something is better than nothing," Primus said. But he said the rule also does nothing to address competition in the rail industry. The Association of American Railroads (AAR) is reviewing the 154-page final rule, but carriers have been historically opposed to reciprocal switching proposals. "Railroads have been clear about the risks of expanded switching and the resulting slippery slope toward unjustified market intervention," AAR said. But the trade group was pleased that STB rejected "previous proposals that amounted to open access," which is a broad term for proposals that call for railroads to allow other carriers to operate over their tracks. The American Short Line and Regional Railroad Association declined to comment but has indicated it does not expect the rule to have an appreciable impact on shortline traffic, service or operations. Today's rule has drawn mixed reactions from some shipper groups. The National Industrial Transportation League (NITL), which filed its own reciprocal switching proposal in 2011, said it was encouraged by the collection of service metrics required under the rule. But "it is disheartened by its narrow scope as it does not appear to apply to the vast majority of freight rail traffic that moves under contracts or is subject to commodity exemptions," said NITL executive director Nancy O'Liddy, noting it was a departure from the group's original petition which sought switching as a way to facilitate railroad economic competitiveness. The Chlorine Institute said, in its initial analysis, that it does not "see significant benefit for our shipper members since it excludes contract traffic which covers the vast majority of chlorine and other relevant chemical shipments." By Abby Caplan Send comments and request more information at feedback@argusmedia.com Copyright © 2024. Argus Media group . All rights reserved.

Oversupply and fragmentation challenge steel market

30/04/24

Oversupply and fragmentation challenge steel market

London, 30 April (Argus) — Participants in the Turkish and European long steel markets at a major industry event this week anticipated a difficult remainder of 2024, expecting demand to be generally supplied by local capacities. With the Chinese Metallurgical Industry Institute forecasting a 1.7pc drop in Chinese steel demand in 2024 and the country's steel output expected to remain stable, Chinese exports are likely to continue putting pressure on global rebar prices. China's overall steel exports this year so far are on course to exceed the 91.2mn t shipped in 2023. Traders were concerned over the Chinese real estate sector, which, along with infrastructure construction, drives the bulk of Chinese steel demand but has been plagued by a mismatch between housing demand and supply in recent years. Markets outside of China are also likely to be well-supplied for the rest of the year or longer, with a weak construction outlook in Europe and with steel capacity on an upward trend in India and southeast Asia. Government investment in construction projects is likely to drive Indian steel demand to at least 190mn t by 2030, said Somanath Tripathy of the Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL). But in the near term Indian demand growth has been sluggish while output has increased, with steelmakers Tata and JSW both reaching record steel output in the financial year of 2023-2024. Meanwhile, participants had weak expectations for the European and Turkish rebar markets for the rest of the year. Expectations of a recovery in the European steel sector have largely been pinned on the likelihood the European Central Bank will reduce interest rates at some point in the second half of the year. But a German trader noted while this move would lend some support, high interest rates are far from being the only challenge for the sector. The EU construction sector faces increasingly high costs, partly caused by sustainability requirements, participants noted, slowing investment and weighing on property demand by pushing up prices. The combination of high interest rates and inflation in Turkey, as well as dwindling export options, means several Turkish steel mills are currently running at near 50pc of capacity. Turkish rebar exporters face stiff competition in most export markets from Chinese suppliers, whose fob prices are currently around $70/t lower than Turkey, as well as from north African producers. The challenge for Turkish exporters is structural, with the business model of importing scrap and exporting steel no longer as viable due to higher scrap demand from other regions as well as the significantly lower energy costs of north African and Middle Eastern producers. Some market participants noted in this context, the introduction of the European Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) could favour Turkish EAF mills in the long run, who are no longer competitive in terms of price in most markets, but whose use of scrap versus direct reduced iron (DRI) makes their production less carbon-intensive than other EAF-based producers in the region. Turkish producers are working to make sure they will be compatible with EU environmental requirements, a Turkish mill source said. But government support for these efforts has been lacking, he added. Overall, protectionist measures have significantly harmed Turkey's export options, as has the outbreak of conflicts and tensions in the region over the past two years. Some Turkish mills have lost up to half of their regular export sales as a result of the halt of exports to Israel and a slowdown in sales to Yemen as a result of the conflict in Gaza and Houthi vessel attacks. Until European prices pick up significantly and north Africa is selling at capacity, Turkish long steel exports will not be competitive in the near future, a trader noted. By Brendan Kjellberg-Motton Send comments and request more information at feedback@argusmedia.com Copyright © 2024. Argus Media group . All rights reserved.

Milei's bid to open Argentina's economy passes

30/04/24

Milei's bid to open Argentina's economy passes

Montevideo, 30 April (Argus) — Argentina's congress today approved the government's sweeping economic legislation that could open the door to more private-sector investment in energy and commodities. The bill passed on a 142-106 vote, with five abstentions, after a marathon 20-hour debate. Changes include privatizing some state-owned companies, controversial labor reforms and measures to promote LNG development. The omnibus legislation, which includes 279 articles, is an important victory for President Javier Milei's administration and will change the way many sectors, including energy, operate in the country. Lawmakers aligned with Milei's Liberty Advances party swiftly moved to the second stage of the process, which requires approval of individual articles. The omnibus bill was initially approved in February, but the administration withdrew it after congress failed to approve several key individual articles. That original version included 664 articles. Several of the more controversial articles were brought up immediately after the blanket approval and easily passed. They included an article allowing for privatization of state-run enterprises — national power company Enarsa is on the list — and another delegating to the administration the power to eliminate state agencies without having to consult with congress. Also approved was the article on labor reform. The country's oilseed industry and port workers' unions called a strike the previous day to pressure congress to modify the labor reform. That did not happen. It passed in a separate 136-113 vote. The strike started to fizzle with approval of the legislation. Approval of the package includes several articles the administration says will open the door to major investments in the energy sector. Chapter II specifically covers natural gas, and introduces new regulations for LNG. The chapter includes five articles that allow for 30-year contracts for LNG export projects and guarantees that gas supply cannot be interrupted for any reason. The energy secretariat has six months to design the implementing rules for LNG. The government wants to speed up monetization of the Vaca Muerta unconventional play, which has an estimated 308 trillion cf of natural gas reserves. It is pushing for Malaysia's Petronas to fully commit to a large-scale LNG facility that would start with a $10bn investment. Chapter IX of the legislation creates a new framework, known as the Rigi, for investments above $200mn. It offers tax, fiscal and customs benefits. Companies have two years from implementation of the legislation to take advantage of the Rigi. The chapter on this framework is one of the most complex in the bill, including 56 articles. It includes specific references to energy projects, from power generation to unconventional oil and gas development. The administration claims the legislation will help tame inflation and stabilize the economy. Inflation was 276pc annualized through February, but is declining, and Milei announced that monthly inflation would be in single digits when the March numbers are announced. The country recorded a 0.2pc quarterly fiscal surplus in the first quarter of this year, something not achieved since 2008. By Lucien Chauvin Send comments and request more information at feedback@argusmedia.com Copyright © 2024. Argus Media group . All rights reserved.

Higher C919 adoption to boost China's Ti demand

30/04/24

Higher C919 adoption to boost China's Ti demand

Beijing, 30 April (Argus) — Higher adoption of the C919 airliner, China's first self-developed single-aisle passenger jet, is likely to boost demand for titanium mill products in the coming years, according to market participants. China Southern Airlines, one of the country's top three airlines, ordered 100 C919 aircraft from its manufacturer Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China (Comac) yesterday. These aircraft will be delivered in 2024-2031. China's flag carrier Air China on 26 April also announced that it will purchase 100 C919 aircraft from Comac during the same period. Another major airline, China Eastern Airlines, in September 2023 placed an order for 100 C919 aircraft from Comac, which delivered the fifth unit this March. This means all three top China airlines have invested in 100 aircraft deals for C919. Market participants estimate a single C919 aircraft contains 3.92t of titanium mill products. Demand for titanium mill products from a single C919 aircraft will reach 49t based on an overall yield rate of 8pc for mill products used in aviation parts. Titanium mill products typically include titanium strip, rod, section bar, wire, plate, sheet, tap and foil. Comac launched the C919 development programme in 2008 and began prototype production in 2011. The airliner had its maiden flight in 2017 and received its airworthiness certification from Chinese authorities in September 2022. A continued increase in orders and deliveries of the C919 airliner is likely to continue to boost demand for titanium mill products in the coming years. Comac has received over 1,400 orders for C919 from domestic and international airlines so far. China's 32 major manufacturers produced 159,000t of titanium mill products in 2023, up by 5.3pc from 151,000t in 2022, according to statistics from China nonferrous metals industry association titanium zirconium and hafnium branch (CNIA-TI). Aerospace, the second-largest consumption industry for titanium mill products, consumed 29,377t of titanium mill products in 2023, accounting for 19.8pc of China's total domestic production. "Demand from the aerospace industry has large potential in China," a source at a Baoji-based mill products manufacturer told Argus . "Only 20pc of titanium mill products is used in China's aerospace industry now, while the proportion is as high as 70-80pc in Europe and the US." A number of titanium mill products manufacturers in Baoji, which is known as China's "titanium valley", have begun to supply Comac as they have improved their product quality to meet Comac's criterion. Comac designated the country's largest producer Baoji Titanium (BaoTi) as the sole supplier of titanium mill products for the airliner just last year. Argus -assessed prices for titanium ingot, the main feedstock in the production of mill products, held stable from 23 April at 60,000-62,000 yuan/t ex-works for TA2 grade today, in response to firm titanium sponge feedstock costs and steady demand from mill products manufacturers. Send comments and request more information at feedback@argusmedia.com Copyright © 2024. Argus Media group . All rights reserved.

Taiwan's scrap imports fall in March as demand slows

30/04/24

Taiwan's scrap imports fall in March as demand slows

Singapore, 30 April (Argus) — Taiwan's ferrous scrap imports fell on a year-on-year basis in March, as a slight rise in spot prices in January combined with slow domestic steel demand to discourage purchases. Taiwanese steel demand has weakened since the beginning of the year, market participants said. "Market fundamentals in 2023 were still okay, but slowed down in January as scrap buyers were unsure about the market post-Chinese new year," a trader said. Marginally higher spot scrap prices in January also suppressed buying appetite. The spot price for HMS 1/2 80:20 containerised scrap from the US west coast was as high as $380t/t on 17 January and was assessed at $375/t cfr by the end of that month. The higher spot prices encouraged steel mills and scrap buyers to take a wait-and-see approach. Loadings and delivery of containerised scrap bookings are usually made 8-10 weeks after an agreement is signed. Import volumes for the second quarter of 2024 are expected at steady-to-lower levels on seasonal weakness, market participants said. Production is likely to fall in the upcoming summer season because of electricity restrictions set by local authorities. A rise in electricity rates in April will also cap any upside in imported scrap prices and volumes, as mills are likely to reduce output by 20-40pc to curb their electricity use. Taiwan ferrous scrap imports t Country Mar % ± vs Feb % ± vs Mar'23 Jan-Mar % ± y-o-y US 121,298 49.29% 12.2% 323,030 5.74% Japan 44,316 -20.17% -56.7% 161,710 -23.04% Australia 15,942 60.69% -58.8% 37,850 -45.67% Dominican Republic 14,920 -15.05% 0.4% 48,878 -0.81% Others 76,671 40.31% 29.1% 198,780 25.86% Total 273,148 24.79% -15.6% 770,249 -2.81% Send comments and request more information at feedback@argusmedia.com Copyright © 2024. Argus Media group . All rights reserved.

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