06/03/26
rPET closures worsen circularity challenge: NAPCOR
London, 6 March (Argus) — Argus spoke to Laura Stewart, executive director of
the North American PET industry association (NAPCOR), at the Plastics Recycling
Conference in San Diego on 24 February, about the threat that recent recycling
closures pose to US PET circularity and what can be done to help. How are recent
recycling plant closures affecting PET collection and supply for Napcor's
members? Right now, with five recycling plant closures, we're estimating a 16pc
reduction in domestic PET recycling capacity. That reduction comes even after
two new facilities came on line in 2025, so on a net basis we are down. This is
absolutely worsening the challenges we are facing. When domestic PET recyclers
can't process bales or access strong end markets, it becomes increasingly
difficult to maintain a functioning system. We're also seeing imported volumes
of rPET continue to rise by some estimates up to 50pc higher than in recent
years and that imported material is displacing domestic supply. If closures
continue, we risk losing the foundation necessary for a robust circular economy
in the US. We're producing and using PET bottles here, but if those bottles are
collected and there's no recycler left to process them, that becomes a serious
systemic concern. On a national level, PET bottle recovery has hovered around
30pc for decades. We do see differences between kerbside programmes and deposit
return systems, but not enough to significantly shift the national picture.
Various state-level studies show wide disparities across the US, from states
such as Alabama with low recovery to those like Oregon with much higher rates,
that inconsistently continue to challenge the system's overall efficiency.
Should PET bottlers do more to support recyclers, and what barriers could
prevent that? I believe minimum post-consumer content legislation is one of the
clearest ways to support domestic recycling infrastructure. In Europe, for
example, their updated EPR [extended producer responsibility] structures only
allow post-consumer content to count towards compliance if it's collected within
the region and policies like that help ensure domestic supply is protected.
Napcor recently released a position supporting limits on imported rPET because
we strongly believe a stable US recycling industry is essential. For years, we
had strong tailwinds pushing the industry forward — the Ellen MacArthur
commitments, aggressive corporate sustainability goals and the UN plastics
discussions all encouraged capacity expansion. But today, many major brands are
extending their timelines. Unilever was one of the first to announce delays, and
we've heard the same from Coke and Pepsi. Those shifts have become headwinds for
recyclers, equipment makers and producers. Add the tariffs on top of that and it
then creates a really difficult environment. I wish it was one simple issue that
we could fix, but it's a broader, structural challenge. How significant are the
legal challenges to EPR in your view, and do you anticipate they could hinder
its implementation in the US? From what I am seeing, companies are participating
in the EPR programmes, they're paying into them and engaging in the process.
States such as California and Oregon already have strong PET bottle recovery due
to the deposit systems, so the real test will be in categories like thermoforms.
Challenges from groups such as the National Association of
Wholesalers-Distributors highlight the need for clarity on implementation.
Colorado's new EPR programme will be an important case study. The state doesn't
have strong kerbside recycling today, so if the EPR programme works as intended,
we should see improvements driven by investment, infrastructure and education.
But consumer participation still matters, behaviour change is hard. What
encourages me is the cultural shift we've seen in places such as Canada, where
stewardship is ingrained from a young age. We don't have that universally in the
US. Changing perceptions from "plastics are bad" to "PET is recyclable, recycled
daily, and valuable" is part of building a system that keeps PET out of
landfills and the environment. With Europe tightening rPET import rules, could
redirected material create opportunities for US buyers or new challenges for
recyclers? The legislation was only recently enacted, so it's difficult to
predict the full impact. There's still a lot of uncertainty, especially with
tariffs and how they might influence global flow of rPET. We are seeing
increased interest from south Asia to export more rPET into the US market. But
if imports into the US continue to grow and the imported rPET is used in bottles
made here, it weakens the circularity flow of material the domestic recycling
system depends on. We're not collecting what we produce domestically, and if
more of our supply comes from outside the US, we risk having even less material
being collected and processed locally. That's a concern for long-term system
health. What impacts are you expecting from the US Supreme Court's recent
decision on tariffs? Right now, I would say ‘stay tuned'. The situation is
changing daily, and since I've been travelling for the conference, I haven't
been able to follow every update. There is a lot of unpredictability, and
everyone across the supply chain is waiting for clarity. By the time this story
is published, we may already have a better sense of what it means. PET producer
Eastman, which operates depolymerisation capacity for PET waste, reports strong
demand for advanced recycling PET. Do you see a growing need for repolymerised
PET alongside mechanical recycling? From Napcor's perspective, Eastman has
consistently positioned advanced recycling or depolymerisation as a complement
to mechanical recycling, not a replacement. They are far ahead in scale compared
with others, and it's encouraging to see innovation that expands the types of
PET that can be recovered. What remains to be fully understood are the
economics. Mechanical recycling has decades of proven performance and cost
structure. Advanced recycling is still developing. I'd encourage deeper
discussion with Eastman on how they see long-term economics and market
integration evolving. What I do know is that this is a tough industry, and it
has been for decades. To move forward, we need the entire supply chain
recyclers, brands, producers and associations working together. This industry
supports communities and jobs, and we all have a stake in keeping it strong.
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