ОСК построит еще два атомных ледокола для Севморпути
«Росатомфлот» в начале февраля подписал контракт на строительство двух атомных ледоколов с Балтийским заводом, входящим в состав государственной Объединенной строительной корпорации (ОСК). Сдача ледоколов мощностью по 60 МВт ожидается в декабре 2028 г. и декабре 2030 г.
«Росатомфлот» является ледокольным подразделением государственной корпорации «Росатом» и обеспечивает проводки судов по Северному морскому пути.
Новые ледоколы будут построены по проекту 22220. Пилотным в этой серии стал ледокол «Арктика», официально принятый в эксплуатацию в октябре 2020 г. Расчетный срок службы ледоколов данного проекта составляет 40 лет.
Все атомные ледоколы в мире построены и используются в России, тогда как другие страны располагают только дизель-электрическими ледоколами. Атомные ледоколы проекта 22220 в настоящее время являются самыми мощными. Длина ледокола составляет 168,2 м, а ширина - 34 м.
Развитие ледокольного флота должно обеспечить России возможность организовать круглогодичное судоходство по Севморпути. Стратегия развития Арктической зоны Российской Федерации, утвержденная в октябре 2020 г., обозначает время старта круглогодичной навигации на всей акватории Севморпути в период 2024-2030 гг. В документе отмечается, что достижению этой цели будет способствовать и изменение климата: потепление в Арктике происходит в 2-2,5 раза быстрее, чем в целом на планете.
Помимо пилотного ледокола «Арктика», Балтийский судостроительный завод уже создал для «Росатомфлота» в рамках проекта 22220 еще два ледокола. Сдача в эксплуатацию «Сибири» состоялась в декабре 2021 г., а «Урала» - в ноябре 2022 г. В настоящее время Балтийский завод ведет строительство ледоколов «Якутия» и «Чукотка», они должны быть переданы «Росатомфлоту» в декабре 2024 г. и декабре 2026 г., соответственно.
Ледроколы спроектированы таким образом, чтобы «Росатомфлот» мог использовать их не только на Севморпути, но и на северных реках России, в частности на мелководных участках. Так, новые ледоколы «Сибирь» и «Урал» осуществляют проводки судов в Обь-Енисейском районе Карского моря.
Ледоколы проекта 22220 будут оставаться самыми мощными в России как минимум до 2027 г. Только к этому сроку ожидается завершение строительства первого ледокола мощностью 120 МВт (проект 10510 или «Лидер»). Серия таких ледоколов будет строиться на российской верфи «Звезда» (Большой Камень, Приморский край).
Пилотное судно в будущей серии ледоколов мощностью 120 МВт получит название «Россия», а в общей сложности на данный момент предусмотрено строительство трех таких судов. В стратегии развития Арктической зоны РФ указывается, что второй ледокол серии мощностью 120 МВт должен быть введен в строй не позднее 2030 г., а третий – в 2031-2035 гг.
Для эффективных грузоперевозок по Севморпути важно обеспечить достаточную скорость движения ледоколов - не менее 10-12 узлов или примерно 20 км/ч, говорил в мае 2021 г. генеральный директор «Росатома» Алексей Лихачев. Ледоколы мощностью 60 МВт смогут идти с такой скоростью через льды толщиной 2 м, а ледоколы мощностью 120 МВт - через льды толщиной 4 м, отмечал он.
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