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Setor de captura de carbono pede regulação do mercado

  • Spanish Market: Biofuels, Crude oil
  • 09/10/23

Participantes do mercado de captura e armazenamento de carbono (CCS, na sigla em inglês) pedem um marco regulatório claro para tornar o mercado comercialmente viável.

O governo federal deve traçar uma visão estratégica para que o CCS possa ajudar a descarbonizar o setor industrial do país e, consequentemente, contribuir para a meta de zerar as emissões de CO2 até 2050, de acordo com participantes do mercado. Um projeto de lei está tramitando em Brasília.

"Para termos resultados no futuro, precisamos de segurança jurídica", disse Heloisa Esteves, diretora de Petróleo, Gás e Biocombustíveis na Empresa de Pesquisa Energética (EPE), em uma conferência do setor, na semana passada, em São Paulo.

O projeto de lei que visa criar um mercado regulado de carbono prevê que empresas com emissões acima de 10.000t de CO2e/ano relatem reduções ao Sistema Brasileiro de Comércio de Emissões (SBCE). O texto foi aprovado, recentemente, pela Comissão de Meio Ambiente do Senado, e agora precisa ser encaminhado ao Congresso.

Se aprovada, a legislação teria papel semelhante à Política Nacional de Biocombustíveis (Renovabio) na formalização do mercado de créditos de descarbonização (Cbios), disse Alexandre Calmon, advogado especializado no setor de energia. "O Renovabio serviu de embrião para o mercado brasileiro de carbono", ele afirmou à Argus.

Outros participantes do evento citaram a importância de implementar rapidamente a regulação para captura e armazenamento de carbono para impulsionar investimentos e pesquisas, à medida que crescem as discussões sobre o assunto. A decisão dos senadores também gerou polêmica ao excluir o setor agrícola de seu escopo.

Em agosto, o Senado aprovou um projeto de lei que atribui a regulação do CCS à Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis (ANP). Além de permitir projetos comerciais de armazenamento de carbono no país, o texto cria um sistema de autorização para o setor. A proposta ainda não foi apreciada pelo Congresso.

As expectativas são altas, pois o país pode armazenar e capturar até 190 milhões de t/ano de CO2, de acordo com estudo publicado pela CCS Brasil, um centro de pesquisas especializado no setor. O Brasil poderia gerar até $20 bilhões/ano com projetos de CCS, de acordo com a presidente da organização, Isabela Morbach.

Rota da bioenergia

A indústria brasileira de biocombustíveis também está considerando projetos de captura e armazenamento de carbono pela rota da bioenergia (BECCS, na sigla em inglês), que representa o segundo maior potencial do país para CCS.

A produtora de etanol de milho FS está investindo R$350 milhões em um projeto em sua planta de Lucas do Rio Verde, em Mato Grosso, para gerar etanol carbono negativo, que envolve capturar e armazenar mais CO2 do que é gerado na produção do combustível.

A Uisa, empresa sucroalcooleira da região Centro-Oeste, também anunciou planos de BECCS para injetar carbono proveniente da produção de etanol em sua unidade de Nova Olímpia, também em Mato Grosso.

Grande produtor canavieiro, o estado de São Paulo também estuda novas iniciativas. O coordenador da secretaria de Agricultura e Abastecimento do estado, Alberto Amorim, disse à Argus que o governo quer investir em CCS por meio do setor sucroalcooleiro.

A Petrobras, que reinjeta gás e CO2 em seus campos de petróleo, também está de olho em soluções renováveis.

"A Petrobras tem interesse em transportar e armazenar carbono por meio de parcerias com outras empresas, que poderiam ser indústrias de bioenergia", contou Savana Fraulob, gerente de Contabilidade e Tributário da estatal, à Argus. "É uma estrutura muito cara. Então, para quem quiser embarcar nessa conosco, estamos, realmente, estudando esta possibilidade."


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13/09/24

About 42pc of US Gulf oil output still shut on Francine

About 42pc of US Gulf oil output still shut on Francine

New York, 13 September (Argus) — About 42pc of oil output in the Gulf of Mexico was still shut-in on Friday, just days after Hurricane Francine passed through the region. Around 732,316 b/d of offshore oil output was off line as of 12:30pm ET Friday, according to the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE), while 973.20mn cf/d of natural gas production, or 52pc of the region's output, was also off line. The volume of crude production shut in rose slightly from yesterday, by about 2,000 b/d, while curtailed gas output fell. Operators evacuated workers from 144 platforms this week ahead of the storm. Shell said today it is ramping up production at its Appomattox, Mars, Vito, Ursa and Olympus platforms after resolving downstream issues. However, the company's Perdido, Auger and Enchilada/Salsa assets remain shut-in due to other downstream issues. And drilling remains on hold at its Whale asset, which is scheduled to begin operations later this year. The port of New Orleans resumed all normal operations Thursday evening. Preliminary damage assessments showed no significant damage to facilities or infrastructure, port officials said, while onshore refinery operational issues appear to be minor . By Stephen Cunningham and Tray Swanson Send comments and request more information at feedback@argusmedia.com Copyright © 2024. Argus Media group . All rights reserved.

Fulcrum Bioenergy files for Chapter 11 relief


13/09/24
13/09/24

Fulcrum Bioenergy files for Chapter 11 relief

New York, 13 September (Argus) — A US company that had set ambitious plans to convert garbage into sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) and attracted investments from major airlines and energy companies filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection this week. Fulcrum Bioenergy and subsidiaries filed for relief before the US Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware on Monday, estimating outstanding obligations to over 200 creditors at more than $456mn. A lawyer representing Fulcrum, Robert Dehney, said at a Thursday hearing that the company was on the verge of declaring Chapter 7 bankruptcy, which typically involves liquidation of assets, before a late-breaking bid from an interested company prompted a change in plans. Fulcrum chief restructuring officer Mark Smith said in a declaration to the court that the company wants to initiate the sales process and move through the chapter 11 process on an "expeditious timeline." Judge Thomas Horan on Thursday preliminarily approved various first-day motions, including a request to continue paying Fulcrum's handful of remaining employees. Fulcrum began initial operations at its flagship Nevada facility in 2022, becoming the first company to commercialize a clean fuels pathway based on gasifying garbage and signing offtake agreements with BP, United Airlines, and others. The process at the Nevada site involved receiving and sorting landfill waste, converting that to a synthetic crude oil through a gasification process, and then sending that feedstock to a Marathon Petroleum refinery to be processed into a usable low-carbon fuel. Fulcrum eventually wanted to be able to upgrade the synthetic crude into SAF on site. An archived version of the Fulcrum website, which is no longer online, also set plans for eventual biorefineries and feedstock processing facilities in Indiana, along the US Gulf coast, and in the UK and said its suite of facilities could ultimately support 400mn USG/yr of production capacity. But Fulcrum has reported few updates on its progress more recently, and there were signs of financial struggles. Multiple contractors have filed lawsuits alleging missed payments, while UMB Bank indicated in October last year that Fulcrum had defaulted on debt obligations. The Nevada site ceased operations in May and plans for other US facilities are apparently on hold, though filings indicate that Fulcrum has not yet determined whether to begin restructuring proceedings for any subsidiaries outside the US. Fulcrum's business "represents a revolutionary idea," Smith said in his declaration, but "as with all cutting-edge businesses, the cost of innovation has been born through delays in operations and the inability to anticipate issues based on prior ventures and experiences." There were necessary equipment changes after initial operations begun, but these were expensive and affected by supply chain delays, he said. It is unclear how much feedstock was successfully delivered to Marathon, which declined to comment. The Hong Kong-based airline Cathay Pacific, which had signed an offtake agreement with Fulcrum, told Argus that it never received any SAF. Other companies that had signed offtake agreements did not immediately respond to requests for comment or declined to comment. Fulcrum had been soliciting interest from potential buyers for months and finalized an agreement with a company called Switch LTD, which agreed this month to offer a "stalking horse" bid to purchase Fulcrum's assets for $15mn and issue a loan of up to $5mn to fund Fulcrum's bankruptcy cases. A stalking horse bidding method is a way to arrive at a minimum bid price that other prospective buyers then must exceed. Filings before the court this week did not elaborate on the nature of Switch's business or its reasons for wanting to acquire Fulcrum's assets. Dehney described Switch as a "disinterested third party" and said that Fulcrum has received other interest from prospective buyers, some eyeing all of Fulcrum's assets and some just looking at physical property, intellectual property, or the UK subsidiary specifically. Failure to launch The idea of gasifying waste to produce fuel has long been attractive, since feedstock costs would be low and the Fischer-Tropsch chemical process to convert synthetic gas to liquids has been known for decades. Demand for low-carbon alternatives to jet fuel is high among major airlines, some of which have government mandates to meet or voluntary goals to rapidly scale up SAF consumption by 2030. While Fulcrum's Chapter 11 filing "was not really a surprise" given its recent financial troubles, it could give investors pause about future projects aiming to use similar technology, according to BloombergNEF renewable fuels senior associate Jade Patterson. The large majority of SAF capacity currently and the bulk of planned capacity additions through 2030 come from the more established method of hydroprocessing non-petroleum feedstocks like fats, oils, and greases, Patterson said. Efforts to build gas-to-liquids facilities, by comparison, have faced delays and financial challenges. Red Rock Biofuels had aimed for a refinery converting forest waste to begin operations in 2020 , but the company that later acquired the Oregon site at auction is now targeting a 2026 launch for its clean fuels facility. And Fulcrum's plans for converting waste into fuel go back more than a decade, having inked its first deal with a municipal solid waste supplier in 2008. Kickstarting a market for a novel fuel pathway has also not been helped by a dip over the last year for prices of US federal and state environmental credits, which function as a crucial source of revenue for biofuel producers. There is also uncertainty about how much federal subsidy certain fuels will earn when an Inflation Reduction Act tax credit for low-carbon fuels kicks off next year. But other gas-to-liquids companies are marching on — including DG Fuels, whose president told Argus last month that the company plans to reach a final investment decision by the first quarter next year on a potentially 178mn USG/yr SAF plant in Louisiana that will gasify biomass. The company has earlier-stage plans for similar facilities in Maine and Nebraska. By Cole Martin Send comments and request more information at feedback@argusmedia.com Copyright © 2024. Argus Media group . All rights reserved.

US oil exports: WTI mixed while TMX rises


13/09/24
13/09/24

US oil exports: WTI mixed while TMX rises

Houston, 13 September (Argus) — US light sweet waterborne spot crude prices were mixed over the week as Asian buying interest firms. WTI loading 15-45 days forward at the US Gulf coast narrowed its discount to December Ice Brent by 50¢/bl to 93¢/bl. The free-on-board (fob) value weakened by 4¢/bl against the secondary coastal crude benchmark WTI Houston to a 26¢/bl midpoint premium as October-loading differentials were mostly unchanged due to a major industry event happening in Singapore this week. Demand for WTI climbed a bit earlier in the week as Asia-Pacific refiners stepped up their purchases of October-loading WTI prior to the start of S&P's Asia Pacific Petroleum Conference (APPEC) conference this week in Singapore. It was unclear whether the pace of Asian buying would continue after this week. Asian buyers typically seek WTI supplies around two weeks earlier than European customers. Prior to the spike in Asian buying of WTI, Chinese demand had been relatively weak, although delegates at the Singapore conference said this demand weakness was overstated. Chinese oil demand growth is slowing but has not yet peaked, while growth in the use of naphtha and jet fuel is offsetting declines in motor fuel consumption, delegates heard at the Argus Asia-Pacific Oil Markets Forum on 10 September. The growth in the use of naphtha and jet fuel is offsetting declines in motor fuel consumption. The slowdown in oil demand growth is attributed to signs of weakness in the Chinese economy and the country's push for electric vehicles. Despite the slowdown, some experts believe that the weakness in Chinese oil demand is being exaggerated, and they view China as a maturing market with lower growth like other OECD countries. Elsewhere, tanker freight rates are expected to increase in the coming months due to a recovery in demand for dirty tankers, according to delegates at the Appec conference in Singapore. The rates for clean tanker freight fell in the third quarter due to competition from dirty tankers, but there has been a recent increase in demand for dirty tankers, hinting at a general recovery in the fourth-quarter rates. Americas Pacific coast Values for Canadian crude exported via the 590,000 b/d Trans Mountain Expansion (TMX) pipeline strengthened amid volatility in the underlying futures market. Free-on-board (fob) High-tan crude exported from Vancouver strengthened 10¢/bl to a $10.53/bl discount to January Ice Brent, while Cold Lake fob Vancouver rose 20¢/bl to a $9.55/bl discount against the benchmark. Ice Brent crude futures prices fell below $70/bl during the week, the first time since late 2021. This decline came after low Chinese crude imports in July and the delay by OPEC+ alliance members to increase output. Despite disruptions to Libyan crude output, the prices continued to fall. OPEC's research arm remains bullish on oil demand, while some trading firm executives suggested that prices may need to fall further to stimulate demand. Analysts and traders are factoring in the softness in China, the impending Federal Reserve easing cycle in the US, and mixed messages from OPEC. Elsewhere, sections of the 622,000 b/d Keystone crude pipeline remain at reduced pressure since a spill nearly two years ago, but its operator is making strides to have those restrictions potentially removed. TC Energy's Keystone pipeline is a major thoroughfare for Canadian heavy crude destined for the US midcontinent and Gulf coast, but a rupture in December 2022 took the cross-border pipeline off line for more than three weeks. Service was mostly restored in the months following the incident, but more crude could likely be moved down the line if pressure restrictions are lifted. Canada's west coast now exports more Canadian crude than the US Gulf coast after the startup of the TMX pipeline. Lifted restrictions on the Keystone pipeline could potentially disrupt crude flows through TMX. By Andrea Agee and Rachel McGuire Planned US crude export cargoes Tanker name Size Charterer Destination Laycan Asia-Pacific Front Forth VLCC Phillips 66 China 7-14 September 2024 C. Earnest VLCC Mercuria China 7-14 September 2024 Khurais VLCC Unipec China 10-14 September 2024 Ilma VLCC SK Energy South Korea 15 September 2024 Legio X Equestris VLCC Aramco Trading Singapore 15 September 2024 Plata Glory VLCC Phillips 66 Taiwan and/or South Korea 19 September 2024 Seamajesty Suezmax Shell Singapore 19 September 2024 Dht Sundarabans VLCC ExxonMobil Singapore 24 September 2024 Yasa Scorpion VLCC Unpiec China 25-30 September 2024 Basrah VLCC Unipec China 30 September 2024 New Corolla VLCC Hyundai Oil Bank South Korea 3-5 October 2024 Front Alta VLCC Shell South Korea 5 October 2024 Cosflying Lake VLCC BP Singapore 8 October 224 Celeste Nova VLCC Chevron South Korea 8 October 224 Landbridge Glory VLCC Equinor Asia-Pacific 13 October 2024 Front Tana VLCC SK Energy South Korea 13 October 2024 Hillah VLCC PTT Ningbo, China 15 October 2024 Sinokor TBN VLCC Occidental Petroleum Asia-Pacific 16 October 2024 Europe Andromeda VLCC BP Europe 8-14 September 2024 Seaways Endeavor VLCC ExxonMobil Europe 14 September 2024 Levantine Sea Aframax Chevron Europe 15 September 2024 Seatribute Aframax BP Europe 15 September 2024 Yuan Bei Hai Suezmax Equinor Europe 15 September 2024 Arctic Suezmax BP Europe 18 September, 2024 Aegean Horizon Suezmax Vitol Europe 18-19 September 2024 Morning Hope VLCC ExxonMobil Europe 21 September 2024 Eagle Veracruz VLCC ExxonMobil Europe 27 September 2024 Cobalt Nova VLCC BP Europe 13-17 October 2024 Americas and misc. Front Shanghai Suezmax Energy Transfer Porto Sudeste, Brazil 13-14 September 2024 Green Adventure Aframax Chevron East Coast Canada 15 September 2024 Seaways Frio Suezmax Petrobras Brazil 21 September 2024 Shipping fixture reports Select US crude cargoes in transit Tanker name Size Loading window Destination ETA Asia-Pacific Houston Voyager VLCC 22-24 July 2024 Maoming, China Alongside Seavoice VLCC 20-24 July 2024 Ulsan, South Korea 15 September 2024 Dht Panther VLCC 11-16 July 2024 Kaohsiung, Taiwan 16 September 2024 Arsan VLCC 19-25 July 2024 Daesan, South Korea 16 September 2024 Dht Osprey VLCC 23-27 July 2024 Taoyuan, Taiwan 17 September 2024 Xin Long Yang VLCC 29 July 2024 - 3 August 2024 Paradip, India 20 September 2024 Maxim VLCC 26-29 July 2024 Kaohsiung, Taiwan 22 September 2024 Halcyon VLCC 2-6 August 2024 South Korea 27 September 2024 Cap Victor Suezmax 5-7 August 2024 Mumbai, India 28 September 2024 Advantage Verdict VLCC 12-16 August 2024 Singapore 5 October 2024 Cosnew Lake VLCC 13-18 August 2024 Yeosu, South Korea 9 October 2024 DHT Redwood VLCC 15-18 August 2024 Asia-Pacific 10 October 2024 Maharah VLCC 15-21 August 2024 Daesan, South Korea 12 October 2024 Maran Thaleia VLCC 16-21 August 2024 China 13 October 2024 Vl Brilliant VLCC 21-26 August 2024 Kaohsiung, Taiwan 17 October 2024 Dias I VLCC 23-27 August 2024 Geoje, South Korea 17 October 2024 Amphitrite VLCC 27-31 August 2024 Singapore 19 October 2024 Great Lady VLCC 30 August - 3 September 2024 Singapore 25 October 2024 Dijilah VLCC 3-6 September 2024 Mumbai, India 27 October 2024 Europe Ithaki DF Aframax 27-28 August 2024 Fos, France 16 September 2024 Seagrace Suezmax 29-31 August 2024 Immingham, United Kingdom 17 September 2024 Minerva Nounou Aframax 30-31 August 2024 Rotterdam, The Netherlands 17 September 2024 Achilleas Suezmax 30-31 August 2024 Rotterdam, The Netherlands 18 September, 2024 Eagle Ventura VLCC 28 August - 4 September Rotterdam, The Netherlands 20 September 2024 Nordic Zenith Suezmax 30 August - 2 September Wilhelmshaven, Germany 21 September 2024 Horten VLCC 31 August - 5 September 2024 Rotterdam, The Netherlands 22 September 2024 Drepanos Aframax 3-5 September 2024 Immingham, United Kingdom 23 September 2024 Atlantic Suezmax 29 August - 1 September 2024 Trieste, Italy 23 September 2024 Sola TS Aframax 6-8 September 2024 A Coruña, Spain 24 September 2024 Front Ull Suezmax 5-7 September 2024 Wilhelmshaven, Germany 25 September, 2024 Atlantic Emerald Aframax 7-9 September 2024 Spain 26 September 2024 Crude Zephyrus Suezmax 3-4 September 2024 Ancona, Italy 26 September 2024 Grimstad Aframax 9-11 September 2024 Rotterdam, The Netherlands 29 September 2024 Nordic Vega Suezmax 3-4 September 2024 Porvoo, Finland 29 September 2024 Minerva Libra Aframax 7-9 September 2024 Milazzo, Italy 30 September 2024 Kpler and Vortexa Send comments and request more information at feedback@argusmedia.com Copyright © 2024. Argus Media group . All rights reserved.

Libya still exporting crude despite blockade


13/09/24
13/09/24

Libya still exporting crude despite blockade

London, 13 September (Argus) — Libya is still exporting crude more than two weeks after the country's eastern-based administration imposed a blockade on oil fields and terminals. Exports have fallen drastically from pre-blockade levels but the country has still exported five crude cargoes totalling about 3mn bl since the beginning of September and is preparing to load more in the coming days, according to a shipping source and tracking data. Libya's eastern-based administration ordered the oil blockade on 26 August in response to an attempt by its rival administration in the west to replace the central bank governor. The blockade has pushed Libya's crude production from around 1mn b/d to as low as 300,000 b/d , Argus estimates. The shutdown order was meant to halt operations at Libya's eastern oil terminals — Es Sider, Ras Lanuf, Zueitina, Marsa el Brega and Marsa el Hariga — but all of Libya's exports so far this month have loaded from one of these ports. Libya typically exports 1mn b/d of crude. The average this month is about 300,000 b/d. That some oil continues to trickle through represents a change from past blockades, when eastern export terminals were completely shut and crude production fell close to zero. The more flexible nature of the latest blockade appears designed to suit the interests of the real force behind it, general Khalifa Haftar's Libyan National Army (LNA), which controls the country's east and southwest. It is also the first nationwide blockade under the tenure of state-owned oil firm NOC's new chairman Farhat Ben Gudara, who is known to be close to Haftar. Some output has been kept online in the east to feed domestic refineries and to allow associated gas production to supply power plants. Past blockades caused severe power cuts and cut domestic supplies of diesel and gasoline, putting pressure on Haftar to lift them. Argus understands that some, if not all, of the cargoes that have left Libya this month are part of NOC's crude-for-products programme, which is key to a booming fuel smuggling industry centred in the east. A source told Argus that two cargoes due to be loaded from Marsa el Hariga this month are for eastern-based Libyan firm Arkenu Oil , which analysts suspect was set up to create a direct oil revenue stream independent of the central bank in Tripoli. "What we're seeing is not really a conventional blockade," said Jalel Harchaoui, a Libya specialist at the UK's Royal United Services Institute. UN-led talks to resolve the leadership crisis at the central bank which sparked the oil blockade have so far failed to result in an agreement. Libya's oil export revenues usually flow into the central bank, making it one of the country's most powerful institutions. The impasse has degraded Libya's ability to carry out international financial transactions and risks spiralling into a wider economic crisis. By Aydin Calik Send comments and request more information at feedback@argusmedia.com Copyright © 2024. Argus Media group . All rights reserved.

Argentina's big energy hopes face reality


13/09/24
13/09/24

Argentina's big energy hopes face reality

Houston, 13 September (Argus) — Argentina has the reserves, investor interest and now most of the regulatory framework to potentially triple its oil and natural gas output by the early 2030s, but ensuring success will require much more, producers in the country said today. "Argentina has tremendous production potential," said Chevron's general manager of its Argentina upstream unit Jim Navratil, speaking at the 4th Shale in Argentina conference in Houston, Texas. But the country needs to give more assurances that contracts and investment regimes will be honored, and make it easier to move capital, he added. Chevron produces more than 100,000 b/d in Argentina. The South American country is banking mostly on its Vaca Muerta unconventional oil and gas deposit that holds an estimated 308 trillion cf in natural gas and 16bn bl of oil reserves. Output from Vaca Muerta alone could rise to more than 1mn b/d from about 390,000 b/d now by 2030, the government and outside forecasts estimate. This comes after Argentina's overall oil output hit a 20-year high in July of 682,000 b/d and 151.7mn m³/d of gas, a 21-year high. To further that increase, Argentina's government under President Javier Milei has passed massive changes to its financial and energy regulatory framework. The changes are aimed at ending the costly policy of energy sovereignty that "has hurt us" and instead making the system financially self-sustaining and open for investment, Argentina's energy minister Eduardo Rodriguez Chirillo said at the same event. Not quite there Optimism has grown, but more work is pending, producers say. "We are supporting [the government's changes] and cheering, but we are still not quite there yet", Equinor's Vaca Muerta asset manager Max Medina said. Equinor has interest in one exploration license and one producing block in Vaca Muerta, with about 59,000 b/d of production. Argentina should add more incentives for producers and those companies must place more attention on safety, emissions reductions and compliance as the basin expands, Medina said. Workforce development is also a challenge in Neuquen, the province where Vaca Muerta is centered, which has a population of about 700,000. "The challenge to get to 1mn b/d [in Vaca Muerta] is going to be much more difficult, especially on the human resources side," Medina said. Technological and cost constraints also present difficulties, said Pan American Energy's upstream managing director Fausto Caretta. The company hopes to triple its oil production in the Neuquina basin asset and in the Neuquen province in coming years, from 6,000 b/d of oil now. But restrictions in Argentina on importing needed technology have also delayed needed improvements, Caretta said, although rules are easing. This has contributed to well drilling costs in the Vaca Muerta region being about 20pc higher than in the Permian basin in Texas, to which it is often compared, and completion times remain about 30pc more. Financing multiple proposed infrastructure projects will also be key. "The challenge is how to get that oil to markets," said Julian Escuder, country manager for Pluspetrol, which produces about 21,000 b/d of oil in Argentina. "We need infrastructure." Despite the hurdles, Argentinian officials are assuring investors that changes are here to stay, unlike recent abrupt shifts in energy policy in Colombia and Mexico to focus on state-centered models. Neuquen governor Roland Figuero assured attendees that energy policy is stable in his province. "That has been the same for years," he said, adding that Vaca Muerta "is the last big opportunity that Argentinians have to do things well" in energy. By Carla Bass Send comments and request more information at feedback@argusmedia.com Copyright © 2024. Argus Media group . All rights reserved.

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