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Etanol: Mercado quer importar 150.000m³ de anidro

  • Spanish Market: Biofuels
  • 03/10/24

Grandes grupos produtores estão vendo uma janela de oportunidade para importar até 150.000m³ de etanol anidro para o Nordeste nos próximos meses – uma possibilidade que fica mais atrativa para empresas que desfrutam de regimes fiscais de isenção de imposto de importação.

O mercado especula sobre envios escalonados de volume até março de 2025, a maior parte com origem no Golfo americano. Os preços do etanol dos Estados Unidos tendem a cair nesse período, que é marcado por uma queda na demanda de combustíveis.

São meses também marcados pela entressafra da cana-de-açúcar no Centro-Sul brasileiro, o que tende a dar sustentação aos preços na região.

Atualmente, as usinas do Nordeste não estão produzindo tanto anidro, que é mais caro de se fabricar que o hidratado e tem remunerado menos em comparação.

Em 2023, a região produziu 1,07 milhão de m³ de anidro ante um consumo de 2,5 milhões de m³ – o que representa um déficit de 1,43 milhão de m³. Neste ano, de janeiro a agosto, a produção nordestina foi de 321.000m³ e o consumo somou 1,7 milhão de m³, um déficit de 1,3 milhão de m³, segundo dados da Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis (ANP).

Se uma empresa precisar buscar o anidro faltante para atender aos contratos de venda no Nordeste, a lógica é que pode ser vantajoso trazê-lo de fora do país em vez de originá-lo no Centro-Sul, em função da curva de preços descendente do etanol norte-americano nos próximos meses.

O anidro do Golfo norte-americano colocado em portos do Nordeste do Brasil hoje é cotado a R$2.946/m³ e, com base na curva futura, pode chegar a R$ 2.565/m³ sem os tributos federais PIS e Cofins e sem imposto de importação em janeiro de 2025. Em comparação, o índice Argus para o anidro em Suape, Pernambuco, ficou em R$ 3.027/m³ também sem impostos na última sexta-feira.

A questão tributária é um ponto chave, porque empresas envolvidas na importação do produto usam um mecanismo de compensação fiscal que as exime do pagamento da taxa de 18pc sobre importações.

Trata-se do drawback, mecanismo que prevê a isenção de tributos sobre importações de insumos a serem usados na fabricação de produtos para exportação.

Não é simples justificar seu uso na comercialização de etanol, mas com ele uma companhia poderia importar o álcool norte-americano com a contrapartida de exportar o mesmo volume.

Os Estados Unidos foram o principal fornecedor de etanol para o Brasil em 2024, sendo responsável por 71,5pc do volume total desembarcado no país, que somou 112.235m³ entre janeiro e agosto, de acordo com os dados do Ministério do Desenvolvimento, Indústria, Comércio e Serviços (MDIC). O Paraguai ficou no segundo lugar, com 27,6pc do total, mas tem enfrentado entraves logísticos em função do baixo nível do rio Paraná, principal rota de escoamento do seu etanol.

Por Maria Lígia Barros e Amance Boutin

Arbitragem de importação de etanol, sem imposto R$/m³

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