Updates with changes throughout
Early voting results from key US swing states point to a tight race between former president Donald Trump and vice president Kamala Harris, with the outcome carrying high stakes for energy policy, trade and climate change.
Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wisconsin, North Carolina, Georgia, Arizona and Nevada are the swing states that will decide which candidate reaches the threshold of 270 electoral votes needed to win the election.
Early results from Georgia point to a slight advantage for Trump relative to his 2020 results in that state, which President Joe Biden then carried by nearly 12,000 votes.
But early voting results also point to slight gains for Harris in some demographic segments relative to Biden's 2020 performance. That would make election results in Wisconsin, Michigan and Pennsylvania — which typically take days to complete the count — crucial for determining the outcome. Winning all three states would secure a victory for either candidate.
In the US Senate, Republicans have a pathway to win control with a 51-49 majority by flipping one more seat, after West Virginia governor Jim Justice (R) was declared the winner in that state's Senate race by the Associated Press. Democrats are defending seats in close races in Montana, Ohio, Michigan, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin. If the Senate is tied, control will go to the party that wins the presidential election.
Even before polls closed today, Trump said there was a "lot of talk about massive CHEATING in Philadelphia" in a post on his social media site, in a rerun of his strategy in the 2020 election of making unsubstantiated claims about voting. Harris, in a campaign speech on Monday in Pennsylvania, said the election offered a chance to "turn the page on a decade of politics that have been driven by fear and division".
Trump has focused heavily on energy policy and voter frustration about inflation in his bid for a second term. US motorists were paying an average of $3.07/USG for regular grade gasoline in the week ended on 4 November, the lowest price in 10 months, but still higher than at any point in Trump's first term. On the campaign trail, Trump has promised to bring down energy prices through a policy to "drill, baby, drill" and dismantling President Joe Biden's signature climate initiative, the Inflation Reduction Act.
Harris has pledged to support the 2022 law and other Biden energy policies, such as continued support for electric vehicles. Harris has disavowed her 2019 pledge to ban hydraulic fracturing. But oil and gas companies remain concerned about restrictions on federal leasing and efforts to electrify the vehicle fleet if she is elected.
The next president will decide key questions on energy policy, such as the licensing of new US LNG export facilities and regulating carbon emissions from power plants, oil and gas facilities and vehicles. The election will carry equally high stakes for companies involved in metals, agriculture and other commodities. Trump is planning a combative approach to trade, with a 20pc tariff on all foreign imports and even higher tariffs against China. In 2025, the US Congress is also poised for a major fight on tax policy because of the year-end expiration of an estimated $4 trillion in tax cuts.
On foreign policy, the next president will face decisions on the future of US restrictions on Russian energy exports and US sanctions against Iran and Venezuela and how to contain the growing threat of an Israel-Iran war and its potential impacts on oil flows from the Middle East.
Polls also show a tight race in the fight for control of the US House of Representatives, where Republicans hold a 220-212 majority and where up to 22 seats are deemed competitive, election ratings firm Cook Political Report says.
