Australia's Labor Party-led federal and state governments have advanced key policies over the past year that could help the country meet its 2030 emissions reduction targets. But increased climate opposition, looming national elections in 2025 and policies supporting fossil fuel use threaten to slow the momentum.
Canberra has moved to address the country's ability to meet its key 2030 target of renewables accounting for 82pc of energy use — a weak spot in its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction plan. The goal was looking increasingly unachievable without support so the government expanded its Capacity Investment Scheme (CIS), launching a first major 6GW tender in May. Tenders will run every six months until 2026-27 for a total of 32GW, consisting of 23GW of renewables — solar, wind and hydro — and 9GW of dispatchable capacity such as pumped hydro and grid-scale batteries, all to be in operation by 2030.
Australia could achieve a 42pc GHG emissions reduction from 2005 levels by 2030 under a scenario "with additional measures", which include the expanded CIS, the government's projections show. This would be just short of the legislated 43pc target, prompting ministers to assert the goal could be within grasp.
But the country must resolve problems arising from its increasingly constrained electricity grid, which have been compounded by slow planning and environmental assessment processes, in part because of rising community opposition. The renewables and transmission rollout has been slower than expected, and some states will be paying utilities to postpone the closure of coal-fired plants, raising concerns that any further extensions could impact the 2030 national target.
Australia also faces resistance in other key sectors. Canberra had to backtrack on fuel efficiency standards for new passenger and light commercial vehicles, meaning it may need to look at other options to cut emissions from transportation. This sector currently accounts for a fifth of Australia's total GHG emissions, but could be the largest source by 2030 as the electricity sector decarbonises.
Nuclear option
Labor, which governs Canberra and all Australian states and territories except Tasmania, faces rising competition in elections next year. The opposition Liberal-National coalition in June said it continued to support achieving net zero emissions by 2050, but warned that Labor's revamped 2030 targets could not be met. Labor's "renewables-only approach" raises supply security and cost issues, the opposition says. It promises instead to focus on a nuclear energy plan to bring state-owned reactors on line as early as 2035-37, if it is elected next year.
The opposition coalition has declined to set its own 2030 goal for GHG emissions cuts and is yet to provide more details about its plans, but its strategy of capitalising on the cost-of-living crisis and discontent over large-scale renewables and transmission projects across regional and rural communities seems to be working. Recent polls indicate lower approval ratings for prime minister Anthony Albanese.
Australia will join the UN Cop 29 climate conference in Azerbaijan in November looking to win its bid to co-host Cop 31 in 2026 with its vulnerable Pacific island neighbours. But uncertainty over its climate ambitions requires the country to assert its position as a new global climate leader and move on key issues agreed at Cop 28, including transitioning away from fossil fuels, as Pacific countries demand.
But Australia still sees gas playing a crucial, albeit reduced, role in its energy transition, and a new strategy in May stated the need to bring new gas supplies on line to keep domestic energy affordable and maintain Australia's status as a reliable LNG supplier. Almost 80pc of Australia's fossil fuel CO2 footprint in 2022 came from its exported carbon, non-governmental organisation Climate Analytics says.
| Australia's emissions | mn t CO2e | |||
| Sector | 2005 | 2020 | 2025* | 2030* |
| Electricity | 196.7 | 172.0 | 131.6 | 81.4 |
| Stationary energy | 82.2 | 99.9 | 101.9 | 96.4 |
| Transport | 82.0 | 93.2 | 102.2 | 101.6 |
| Fugitive | 42.8 | 53.6 | 49.8 | 46.5 |
| Agriculture | 86.0 | 72.6 | 79.0 | 79.8 |
| Industrial processes | 30.1 | 31.9 | 29.8 | 24.5 |
| Waste | 15.7 | 13.5 | 13.2 | 13.1 |
| LULUCF† | 80.7 | -42.5 | -55.3 | -57.1 |
| Total | 616.3 | 494.2 | 452.1 | 386.0 |
| Total WAM scenario‡ | 358.0 | |||
| *projected †land use, land-use change and forestry ‡with additional measures | ||||
| — Australian government | ||||
