News
26/09/24
Australia faces critical minerals processing choice
Sydney, 24 September (Argus) — Australia must invest in developing an
evidence-based, competitive set of critical minerals, rather than aiming to
capture a broad and vague midstream supply chain, attendees at this week's
AusIMM Critical Minerals Conference in Brisbane heard. Canberra risks sinking
money into projects which are "strategically attractive in theory but
structurally unrealistic in practice" if it does not refine its goals, Critical
Minerals Association Australia managing director Namali Mackay said on 21
September. The federal government set a wide-reaching aim to build sovereign
capability in critical minerals processing and extract more value onshore from
Australian resources in its 2023-30 critical minerals strategy . The Queensland
government has also outlined a goal of moving critical minerals from the
‘pit-to-port' model to a ‘pit-to-process-to-product-to-port' model, according to
state's 2025-30 manufacturing strategy. But Australia must take a realistic
approach about which parts of the supply chain it can, and should capture,
Mackay cautioned. Australia has experience and comparative advantages in
shipping generic bulk commodities such as iron ore and alumina, but many
critical minerals have no generic grade because they must go through lengthy
qualification processes tied to a specific customer's needs, Mackay said.
Moreover, Australia's midstream competitors in east and southeast Asia are
closer to end-use centres of demand and benefit from industrial clustering,
which allows closer cooperation between refiners and manufacturers, reducing
logistics, energy, and human capital costs, she added. While midstream products
lead to a value addition, they also come with higher costs associated with
reagents, technological complexity, and skilled labour, Mackay warned, arguing
that Australia should not see international collaboration on refining with
partners in Japan, Korea, Europe and the US as a failure of domestic capability.
There may be some cases where the strategic value of a mineral may outweigh its
short-term market value, justifying government-subsidised production, but the
government must clearly outline the rationale and public benefit in these
instances, Mackay said. The devil is in the details The "sweet spot" for
Australia's midstream processing ambitions could be generic intermediate
products such as sulphates and oxides, engineering firm GHD's critical minerals
lead Sam Taylor said. Australia should focus on products which can pivot to
customer demand changes in today's rapidly shifting market, Taylor said, citing
lithium sulphate as an example of an intermediate product which can be further
processed into either lithium carbonate or lithium hydroxide, which are
primarily used in lithium-iron-phosphate (LFP) and high-performance
nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM) batteries. Focusing on the upper end of the
midstream would allow Australia to remain technology-agnostic while companies
compete for downstream market share in east Asia. This would ensure a larger
market for Australian products and reduce price volatility. Processing spodumene
into lithium sulphate would achieve the midstream goal of a significant
value-add compared to a concentrate production while hedging risk, Taylor added.
Antimony metal and antimony trisulphide are also promising options, because
Australia already produces antimony concentrate and sees healthy demand from
both conventional and emerging use cases, he said. Meanwhile, mixed rare earth
oxides and mixed rare earth carbonates might be the "sweet spot" for Australia's
rare earths industry, leaving downstream manufacturing to international
partners, Taylor said. Australia should also aim to recover more value from
strategic by-products such as tantalum from lithium processing and gallium from
alumina refining, moving sideways in existing markets that have not been fully
captured rather than into the more competitive downstream sector, Taylor said.
By Daniel Gage-Brown Lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide prices 2025-26
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