SAF needs nuanced crop feedstocks policy: Panel

Fuel producers and crop suppliers increasingly support the careful use of intermediate crops for sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), aiming to ease feedstock shortage concerns, attendees heard at the SAF Global Summit in London this week.

Policymakers are wary of increasing use of crops in biofuels because of food scarcity and previous deforestation scandals. But delegates said Europe urgently needs more feedstocks to curb costs, and that nuanced policy can address these concerns.

Farmers grow intermediates crops between rotations to regenerate soil. German life sciences firm Bayer said they could grow oilseeds like camelina, winter canola or pennycress. Farmers already monitor vast field-level data that could enable certification, Bayer's biofuels lead Peter Muller said.

Current policy oversimplifies the issue, favouring binary choices of "crop bad, used cooking oil (UCO) good, electricity good", said BP's vice president of regulatory affairs, bioenergy, Eirik Pitkethly.

"There's a whole layer of nuance we need to get into," he said.

Using a fraction of intermediate crops that EU farmers already grow and do not harvest could yield 2.5mn t of SAF, enough to meet the EU's 2030 SAF mandate, Pitkethly said.

"The scale is massive," he said. "It's too good to ignore. But it's difficult and there are challenges in getting the rules right."

Lax regulations in the early days of the biofuels industry led to "deforestation in carbon-sensitive environments" and created "more emissions than using fossil fuels," which still makes policymakers hesitant, Pitkethly said.

Pragmatic policy would find a "sweet spot", avoiding overburdening farmers while setting enough protections, such as requiring multi-year data to prove no land use change. Policymakers could block carbon-sensitive geographies from supplying feedstock if necessary, he said.

The EU appears closer than the UK to opening the door to intermediate crops, Pitkethly said. Cover crops are allowed under EU rules, but details are lacking on which crops qualify and what evidence producers must provide on sustainability. Pitkethly said none of the European Commission's several drafts have provided the clarity needed.

Other panellists said companies should be allowed to grow crops for SAF in desert regions, where there would be no competition with food. Egypt could make SAF with its non-edible desert crop jojoba, said grower Saraya's chief operations officer, Middle East, Omar El Mougy.

Keeping costs down

Narrowing the feedstock pool for hydrotreated esters and fatty acids (HEFA), the most established and cheapest route for making SAF, forces aviation to rely on larger amounts of more expensive SAF types instead, Pitkethly said.

Replacing fossil jet fuel with SAF may need in the region of 400mn t/yr of SAF, but using only waste oils may reach a ceiling of 40mn t/yr because of global constraints on the main UCO feedstock, he said.

The shortfall could be filled with novel SAF types like alcohol-to-jet or synthetic SAF from electrolytic hydrogen and carbon (e-SAF). These are more costly than HEFA, and it would be far more economical to maximise the HEFA feedstock pool as far as possible first, Pitkethly said.

By Aidan Lea