News
23/12/25
Policy is key for Cop 30 sustainable fuels pledge
London, 23 December (Argus) — A UN Cop 30 climate summit pledge, known as "Belem
4x", to quadruple "sustainable fuels" use over 2024-35 has so far drawn 27
signatories, including major biofuels producers and consumers. But such a
substantial increase could face constraints, including feedstock and land
availability, and will depend on supportive legislation. The signatories pledged
at Cop 30 to "expand sustainable fuels use globally by at least four times by
2035 from 2024 levels", including by "adopting ambitious national policies".
Sustainable fuels, in the context of the pledge, refers to liquid biofuels,
biogases, "low-emissions hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels", according to energy
watchdog the IEA. The pledge follows an IEA report in October developed for the
Cop 30 presidency, which found that a fourfold increase "is ambitious yet
achievable". Under the IEA scenario, liquid and gaseous biofuels would meet
around two-thirds of sustainable fuel demand in 2030, while hydrogen and
hydrogen-derived fuels would "expand rapidly" after 2030. Cop 30 host Brazil
proposed the pledge in September , based on the IEA's preliminary findings, and
the commitment was launched with India, Italy and Japan at the pre-Cop event in
Brasilia, Brazil in October. The pledge now has 27 signatories from Latin and
North America, Asia, Africa and Europe, encompassing sustainable fuels producers
and consumers. Canada, Indonesia, Mexico and the Netherlands are among the
signatories. The pledge "sends an important political signal: scaling up
sustainable fuels is not only necessary for climate goals, but feasible", the
European Waste-based and Advanced Biofuels Association (Ewaba) told Argus .
"Europe's biodiesel sector shows how sustainable biofuels can strengthen energy
security, reduce import dependence and deliver immediate climate benefits using
existing vehicles and fuel infrastructure," Ewaba added. Rising demand
Sustainable fuels are typically used in transport sectors, which are among the
highest-emitting, particularly in advanced economies. Although transport
electrification is expanding, it is typically not moving fast enough to hit
climate targets in line with the Paris Agreement, while shipping and aviation
will require multiple decarbonisation solutions. Hydrogen and related fuels are
also likely to see uptake from industry and power generation. Global demand for
sustainable fuels doubled over 2010-24, and is already expected to grow this
decade, boosted by policies designed to drive emissions reductions and support
energy security. Conversely, the removal of tax credits for electric vehicles in
the US, and recent weakening of the EU target for zero-emission cars are also
likely to support increased biofuels consumption. The full implementation of
existing and announced policies and targets, "plus the removal of market
barriers, could lead to a near-doubling of sustainable fuel use in just six
years", the IEA said. This could attract investment for new production capacity,
it added. It also recommended prioritising infrastructure and supply chain
development, as well as innovation funds for new technologies. The IEA found
that sustainable fuels could cover 10pc of road transport demand, 15pc of
aviation demand and 35pc of shipping fuel demand by 2035 — although it would
"vary widely" by region. In an accelerated case, the IEA found that liquid
biofuels could provide 8.07EJ in energy in 2030, up by 62pc from 2024 levels.
The picture shifts by 2035 in the scenario, with biogas supply more than
doubling and low-emissions hydrogen more than quadrupling, both from 2030.
Land-use concerns But a near-term focus on increased biofuels production sparked
concerns from several organisations about feedstock availability and the land
conversion implications. "Such a massive uptake in biofuels could have
calamitous consequences for the environment and climate, depending on how this
pledge is interpreted," European non-governmental organisation (NGO) Transport &
Environment (T&E) said. It flagged land cleared for crops such as palm oil, soy,
sugarcane and corn. T&E projections show that "under current growth trends and
policies, 90pc of biofuels will still be reliant on food and feed crops by
2030." The IEA noted "limited" expansion opportunities for biofuels from waste
oils and fats, while it recommended improving crop yields for other feedstocks.
But climate change is likely to hamper crop output. The UN Environment Programme
warned recently that under a ‘business as usual' pathway, land degradation "is
expected to continue at current rates, with the world losing fertile and
productive land the size of Ethiopia or Colombia annually". Cop pledges often
aim to drive an existing trend faster, and this is typically evident in the
signatories — a coalition of the willing. Brazil has vast ethanol production
capacity and strong domestic consumption mandates, like India, while another
signatory, Chile, is forging ahead with renewable hydrogen production. The
pledges, like all climate action, rely on strong policy, but commitment from key
countries is more likely to achieve results. By Georgia Gratton Send comments
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