Norwegian carbon capture projects gather pace
Oil and gas companies and carbon-intensive industry this week agreed to further develop three separate Norwegian carbon capture and storage (CCS) projects — a step up in commercial focus on the technology.
Norwegian fertiliser producer Yara and Norway's Northern Lights CCS project signed what the latter said is the world's first commercial agreement for cross-border CO2 transport and storage. Yara will from early 2025 capture, compress and liquefy 800,000 t/yr of CO2 from its Sluiskil ammonia production facility in the Netherlands. The carbon will then be transported to the Northern Lights storage site off the coast of western Norway.
"Yara, our first commercial customer, will fill the available capacity of Northern Lights Phase 1. This agreement will establish a market for CO2 transport and storage," Northern Lights managing director Borre Jacobsen said.
Northern Lights is the transport and storage segment of the Longship project. The Norwegian government has provided 80pc of the funding. Shell, TotalEnergies and Norway's state-controlled Equinor are joint partners in the Northern Lights project.
Equinor and German oil company Wintershall Dea have separately agreed to develop a CCS chain — called NOR-GE — connecting German industrial carbon emitters with CO2 storage sites offshore Norway. The firms plan to jointly apply for offshore CO2 storage on the Norwegian continental shelf, with the aim to store 15mn-20mn t/yr of CO2. The companies plan to commission a 900km pipeline to connect a CO2 collection hub in northern Germany with the Norwegian storage sites by 2032. The project's capacity is expected to be 20mn-40mn t/yr of CO2 — around 20pc of German industrial emissions. The firms will also consider an early deployment solution to move CO2 by ship.
The third project — Errai — will involve UK-based, private equity-back upstream oil and gas firm Neptune joining forces with Norwegian blue hydrogen and ammonia firm Horisont Energi to store 4mn-8mn t/yr of CO2, with the potential to increase this. The project includes an onshore terminal for intermediate CO2 storage, as well as permanent offshore storage. Neptune plans to store more carbon than it emits by 2030 — from its operations and sold products. It has plans for a CCS storage and appraisal licence in the UK and has agreed to work with several partners on a Dutch CCS project.
Norway, which has suitable offshore storage sites for CO2, is leading Europe in the development of a CCS industry. The technology is likely to be key in reaching net zero emissions globally, particularly in decarbonising heavy industry. But others see CCS as problematic, allowing emitters to abate rather than avoid CO2 emissions.
And the London Protocol — which prohibits the export of waste to other states for dumping or incineration at sea — could pose a challenge to cross-border CO2 transport. There is an amendment for CO2 export for storage under certain conditions, but it has not been ratified by all signatories to the agreement. Any cross-border CO2 transport requires a bilateral agreement between the importing and exporting countries, as well as a declaration submitted to the International Maritime Organisation.
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South Africa adopts climate change law
South Africa adopts climate change law
Cape Town, 25 July (Argus) — South Africa's president Cyril Ramaphosa has signed into law the country's climate change bill, which sets out a national response to climate change for the first time. The new climate change act will enable the orderly reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through the implementation of sectoral emission targets towards South Africa's commitment to reach net zero by 2050. Currently, the country is the 15th largest GHG emitter in the world, according to the World Resources Institute. The law provides policy guidelines to ensure South Africa reaches its nationally determined contribution (NDC) under the Paris climate agreement by assigning individual enterprises carbon budgets and facilitating public disclosure of their progress. In its updated 2021 NDC, the country has undertaken to cut its GHG emissions to 350mn-420mn t of CO2 equivalent (CO2e), equivalent to 19-32pc below 2010 levels, by 2030. The lower end of this range is in line with the Paris Agreement's 1.5°C global warming threshold. To meet this, South Africa will have to achieve a steep decline in coal-fired electricity generation. A carbon tax is seen as a vital component of the country's mitigation strategy, according to the president. "By internalising the cost of carbon emissions, carbon tax incentivises companies to reduce their carbon footprint and invest in cleaner technologies, and also generates revenue for climate initiatives," Ramaphosa said. South Africa's carbon tax was introduced in a phased approach in June 2019 at a rate of 120 rands/t ($7/t) of CO2 equivalent (CO2e) and increased to R134/t of CO2e by the end of 2022. But tax-free allowances for energy-intensive sectors such as mining, and iron and steel, along with state-owned utility Eskom's exemption, implied an initial effective carbon tax rate as low as R6-48/t of CO2e. South Africa's National Treasury is targeting an increase to $30/t of CO2e by 2030. But the extension of phase one from the end of 2022 to the end of 2025, together with an uncertain future price trajectory and lack of clarity on future exemptions, means the effective carbon tax rate is likely to remain well below the IMF's recommended $50/t of CO2e by 2030 for emerging markets. The new climate change act seeks to align South Africa's climate change policies and strengthen co-ordination between different departments to ensure the country's transition to a low-carbon and climate-resilient economy is not constrained by any policy contradictions. It outlines South Africa's planned mitigation and adaptation actions aimed at cutting GHG emissions over time, while reducing the risk of job losses and promoting new employment opportunities in the emerging green economy. The law also places a legal obligation on provinces and municipalities to ensure climate change risks and associated vulnerabilities are acted upon, while providing mechanisms for national government to offer additional financial support for these efforts. The new act formally establishes the Presidential Climate Commission (PCC) as a statutory body tasked with providing advice on the country's climate change response. Among other things, the PCC is developing proposals for a just transition financing mechanism, for which a platform will be launched in the next few months. Over the last three years, South Africa has seen an increase in extreme weather events often with disastrous consequences for poor communities and vulnerable groups. To address the substantial gap between available disaster funds and the cost of disaster response, the government announced in February that it would establish a climate change response fund. At the time of the announcement, Ramaphosa reiterated that South Africa would undertake its just energy transition "at a pace, scale and cost that our country can afford and in a manner that ensures energy security". Elaine Mills Send comments and request more information at feedback@argusmedia.com Copyright © 2024. Argus Media group . All rights reserved.
BayWa suspends 2024 profit forecast over restructuring
BayWa suspends 2024 profit forecast over restructuring
London, 25 July (Argus) — German agricultural group BayWa on Wednesday suspended its full-year profit forecast due on 8 August, citing ongoing restructuring. It posted a preliminary revenue of €10.7bn ($11.6bn) for the first half of the year, down by 15pc from €12.6bn a year ago. BayWa's first-half 2024 preliminary earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation stood at €149.5mn, less than half of the €322.1mn earned in the same period last year. BayWa said it continues to be in constructive talks with its financing partners, adding that it also has postponed publication of the final half-yearly results to 27 September, citing impairment reviews. The company commissioned a restructuring report on 12 July in response to a "strained financing situation". The Munich-headquartered BayWa Group operates in the fields of energy, agriculture — including fertilizers — and building materials. By Suzie Skipper Send comments and request more information at feedback@argusmedia.com Copyright © 2024. Argus Media group . All rights reserved.
Singapore shortlists consortia for NH3 power, bunkering
Singapore shortlists consortia for NH3 power, bunkering
Singapore, 25 July (Argus) — The Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA) and the Energy Market Authority (EMA) selected two consortia, with one of them likely to lead the project to develop ammonia as a low or zero-carbon solution for power generation and bunkering in the island nation. MPA and EMA selected the two consortia from a total of [six firms that were shortlisted in 2023]https://direct.argusmedia.com/newsandanalysis/article/2501511), after a request for proposal (RFP) was launched. The final selection from the chosen two will be made in the first quarter of 2025. This project, which is part of Singapore's national hydrogen strategy , is looking at developing end-to-end ammonia solution that can generate 55-65MW of electricity via direct combustion in combined cycle gas turbines. Low- to zero-carbon ammonia would be imported and used for this purpose. The project is aiming for 100,000 t/yr of ammonia bunkering, starting with shore-to-ship bunkering followed by ship-to-ship bunkering. The two consortium leads are Singaporean conglomerate Keppel's arm Keppel Infrastructure, as well as Singaporean-based Sembcorp-SLNG. The consortia also include the following bunkering participants - Japan's shipping firm NYK Line, as well as Japanese trading firms Sumitomo and Itochu. By Mahua Chakravarty Send comments and request more information at feedback@argusmedia.com Copyright © 2024. Argus Media group . All rights reserved.
Feedstock imports shake up US biofuel production
Feedstock imports shake up US biofuel production
New York, 24 July (Argus) — Waste from around the world is increasingly being diverted to the US for biofuel production, helping decarbonize hard-to-electrify sectors like trucking and aviation. But as refiners turn away from conventional crop-based feedstocks, farm groups fear missing out on the biofuels boom. Driven by low-carbon fuel standards (LCFS) in states like California, US renewable diesel production capacity has more than doubled over the last two years to hit a record high of 4.1bn USG/yr in April according to the Energy Information Administration. Soybean and canola processors have invested in expanding crush capacity, expecting future biofuels growth to lift vegetable oil demand. But policymakers' growing focus on carbon intensity, a departure from the long-running federal renewable fuel standard (RFS) that sets volume mandates for broad types of fuel, primarily benefits waste feedstocks, which generate larger LCFS credits because they are assessed as producing fewer emissions. Argonne National Laboratory's GREET emissions model, which has been modified by federal and California regulators for clean fuels programs, factors in emissions sources like fertilizers and diesel use on farms for virgin vegetable oils but not for used oils sourced from cooking operations. Refiners trying to maximize government subsidies are thus sourcing waste-based feedstocks from wherever they can find them. Through May this year, imports to the US under the tariff code that includes used cooking oil (UCO) and yellow grease rose 90pc from year-prior levels to more than 1.8bn lb (844,000t). While China represents most of that, sources are diverse, with significant sums coming from Canada, the UK, and Indonesia. Imports of inedible and technical tallow, waste beef fat that can be turned into biofuels, have also risen 50pc so far this year to 800,000lb on ample supply from Brazil. While soybean oil was responsible for nearly half of biomass-based diesel production in 2021, that share has declined to around a third over the first four months this year as imports surge (see graph). "Every pound of imported feedstock that comes in displaces one pound of domestically sourced soybean oil or five pounds of soybeans," said Kailee Tkacz Buller, chief executive of the National Oilseed Processors Association. Even as LCFS and RFS credit prices have fallen over the last year, hurting biofuel production margins and threatening capacity additions , imports have not slowed. Feedstock suppliers, many from countries with less mature biofuel incentives and limited biorefining capacity, might have few options domestically. And exporting to the US means they can avoid the EU's more prescriptive feedstock limits and mounting scrutiny of biofuel imports. More ambitious targets in future years, particularly for sustainable aviation fuel, "will create a lot of competition for UCO in the global market," said Jane O'Malley, a researcher at the International Council on Clean Transportation. But for now, "the US has created the most lucrative market for waste-based biofuel pathways." Incentives for US refiners to use waste-based feedstocks will only become stronger next year when expiring tax credits are replaced by the Inflation Reduction Act's 45Z credit, structured as a sliding scale so that fuels generate more of a subsidy as they produce fewer greenhouse gas emissions. While essentially all fuel will receive less of a benefit than in past years since the maximum credit is reserved for carbon-neutral fuels, the drop in benefits will be most pronounced for fuels from vegetable oils. Granted, President Joe Biden's administration wants the 45Z credit to account for the benefits of "climate-smart" agriculture, potentially helping close some of the assessed emissions gap between crop and waste feedstocks. But the administration's timeline for issuing guidance is unclear, leaving the market with little clarity about which practices farmers should start deploying and documenting. "While a tax credit can be retroactive, you can't retroactively farm," said Alexa Combelic, director of government affairs at the American Soybean Association. Squeaky wheel gets the soybean oil The concerns of agricultural groups have not gone unnoticed in Washington, DC, where lawmakers from both parties have recently called for higher biofuel blending obligations, prompt 45Z guidance, and more transparency around how federal agencies scrutinize UCO imports. There are also lobbying opportunities in California, where regulators are weighing LCFS updates ahead of a planned hearing in November. At minimum, agricultural groups are likely to continue pushing for more visibility into the UCO supply chain, which could take the form of upping already-burdensome recordkeeping requirements for clean fuels incentives and setting a larger role for auditors. Fraud would be hard to prove, but two external groups told Argus that the Biden administration has indicated that it is looking into UCO collection rates in some countries, which could at least point to potential discrepancies with expected supply. More muscular interventions, including trade disincentives, are also possible. Multiple farm associations, including corn interests frustrated that the country's first alcohol-to-jet facility is using Brazilian sugarcane ethanol , have asked the Biden administration to prevent fuels derived from foreign feedstocks from qualifying for 45Z. The possible return of former president Donald Trump to the White House next year would likely mean sharply higher tariffs on China too, potentially stemming the flow of feedstocks from that country — if not from the many others shipping waste-based feedstocks to the US. Protectionism has obvious risks, since leaving refiners with fewer feedstock options could jeopardize planned biofuel capacity additions that ultimately benefit farmers. But at least some US agriculture companies, insistent that they can sustainably increase feedstock production if incentives allow, see major changes to current policy as necessary. By Cole Martin Waste imports crowd out soybean oil Send comments and request more information at feedback@argusmedia.com Copyright © 2024. Argus Media group . All rights reserved.
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