Polymers

Pyrolysis can optimise: CRE

Pyrolysis can optimise: CRE

The cost gap between circular and virgin polymers will narrow over time, but only with investment and regulatory change London, 21 August (Argus) — Pyrolysis yields will improve as the industry matures, boosting availability of circular polymers and reducing the cost gap to virgin polymers, industry association Chemical Recycling Europe (CRE) president and Dutch technology company BlueAlp chief executive Valentijn de Neve tells Argus. "We've already come a long way by influencing the process conditions that mean you minimise gas production, maximise oil production and integrate gas fractions into downstream units to make sure they do not become fuels but become materials," de Neve says. Recouping plastic-derived pyrolysis oil from char and bitumen fractions produced by pyrolysis units, or using them as a standalone product, can also help, he adds. A recent paper by the EU's Joint Research Committee (JRC) stated that circular polymers likely need to cost around three times more than virgin polymers on average for the industry to sustain its costs. CRE's view is that such a large cost gap is similar to that seen in other nascent sustainability transition industries and will narrow over time and with investment, de Neve says. "The JRC rightfully says that circular is more expensive than virgin and that incentives, penalties and enforcements are required to build up capacity," de Neve says. But "CRE thinks this report misses what is possible in terms of development of that price", because the data it uses was gathered from early facilities and it does not factor in improvements in operating rates, scaled-up technologies and innovative business models that various CRE members of are using, he adds. Attracting investment will be the next challenge. European pyrolysis capacity will have to expand by 6-8 times from current rates in order to provide the 10pc recycled content for non-PET contact sensitive plastic packaging by 2030 that the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation (PPWR) dictates, Argus Consulting says. This necessary scale of expansion far outweighs the current announced project pipeline, Argus data show. But de Neve is confident that there are more than enough projects in the pre-final investment decision stage to meet demand, if investors can be persuaded to pull the trigger and plants can be ramped up to target operating rates. "Operating rates will be sufficient" but regulators need to create an environment that persuades would-be investors to commit, he says. "A couple of pieces of secondary legislation are needed… we need mass balance fast, we need clarity around the enforcement in the right way, and we need... European materials to have a level playing field," he says. One commonly cited regulatory hurdle of PPWR for the industry is its so-called revision clause, which gives the European Commission options to enact changes, delays or exemptions to the 10pc recycled content requirement if it thinks it cannot be achieved. Under the regulation, the commission has until February 2028 to make a final decision. The JRC report represents a positive early sign that the commission thinks enough capacity can be built under the right market and regulatory circumstances, strengthening the case against changes to the regulation, de Neve says. The JRC report is "very clear that building the capacity needed for this regulation is not the issue", he says. BlueAlp is seeing particular interest in developing projects with its technology from private-sector financial institutions and waste management companies, de Neve says. Petrochemicals companies and downstream consumers such as brand owners are also active across the wider industry, he says. However, demand for circular polymers has been weak in the past 12 months. Whether because of regulatory uncertainty, cost cutting or low confidence in the robustness of the supply chain, many converters are in no rush to switch to using more chemically recycled materials in packaging. The pyrolysis industry is going through a tough period, and finding ways to bring demand forward ahead of the 2030 target is key if it is be achieved, de Neve says. "In 2030, there's the mandatory demand for circular content, and today it's a voluntary market. And between now and 2030, that's a time that we all need to bridge", he says. Extended producer responsibility measures with discounts for circular content are a positive step, he says. And a proposal for companies to be able to count recycled content used before 2030 towards their PPWR obligations from that date, which de Neve describes as "pragmatic", is gaining momentum within the industry — although it so far remains unclear whether regulators are open to such a move. "I think the good news is that from waste all the way to brand owners and financial institutions, there's a willingness to invest in this sector and we could attract more capital the moment the rules of the game are further clarified. And with that, I actually am quite optimistic on what is planned for the next eight months in terms of secondary legislation," he says. De Neve was speaking on the Argus Chemical Conversations podcast, "Can pyrolysis develop in time for PPWR?", which is available on the Argus website and podcasting apps. Send comments and request more information at feedback@argusmedia.com Copyright © 2026. Argus Media group . All rights reserved.